![]() Since its discovery, AD has received substantial attention among the types of dementias that are of global health concern, over the years, due to its debilitating nature. Several lines of evidence have revealed that AD is a prevailing root of dementia and a significant source of death in the world 11, 12. The findings that have emerged have unraveled and demonstrated, importantly, that the effects of AD commence a long time before its symptoms manifest 10. Hence, this review is aimed at exploring some of the chemicals that are used for the induction of AD-like pathologies and behavioral deficits.ĪD was first reported by Alois Alzheimer in 1906, but it was not until around 70 years after its discovery that much interest was placed on AD research 9. There is a dearth of knowledge with respect to chemically-induced AD models. On the other hand, animal models have been used to trigger pathological changes similar to the human form of AD and to identify the pathogenesis, especially during the pre-symptomatic stage 8. ![]() Thus, several attempts are ongoing in order to establish anti-AD drugs that could target specific pathogenesis, but these have not garnered much success. Although the etiology of AD remains unclear, multiple findings have revealed that oxidative stress is an early characteristic of the AD pathological process and also involved in the formation of Aβ and NFTs 7. The remarkable risk factors linked with the progression of AD are old age, as well as multiple genetic and environmental factors. The formation of Aβ is due to the aggregation of extracellular senile plaques (SP), while neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are caused by abnormal deposits of p-tau proteins 3.įurthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic damage, inflammatory responses, defective neurotransmissions, hormonal alterations and abnormalities in the cell cycle are all linked with AD 4, 5, 6. The key pathological emblems observed in AD brain tissues are amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) protein, although the exact mechanisms which cause these alterations are yet to be uncovered 3. AD, a neurodegenerative disease, is one of the most common and multifactorial forms of dementia characterized by multiple cognitive impairments, personality changes, and abnormal behavior 2. One of such age-related disorders is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It is well-established that these age-related diseases cause progressive and irreversible loss of neurons and subsequently lead to dementia. Nonetheless, experimental models of AD produced by chemicals offer insights to unravelling the pathogenesis of the disease.Īs the aging population is increasing, the rate of age-associated diseases among older adults has become a serious health concern worldwide 1. It is worth mentioning that not all the biochemical, histopathological, cognitive and behavioural abnormalities can be recapitulated. The purpose of this review is to put forward some AD pathophysiology including AD causative theories and also highlight some Alzheimerogenic chemicals for the purpose of enriching our existing knowledge. Some of such chemicals are Heavy metals, Scopolamine, Ethanol, Colchicine, Streptozotocin, Lipopolysaccharide, and Okadaic acid among others, with a view to understanding the pathogenesis of this devastating disease. A number of chemicals have been studied to develop an animal model of AD on the basis of their mechanism of action for cognitive dysfunctions. Articles from reliable databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, and Ovid were searched and retrieved with the following descriptors: 'Alzheimer's Disease', Cognitive impairments', Neurotoxins that induce AD', Alzheimerogenic chemicals', excitotoxins', Amyloid beta', neurofibrillary tangles. Different methods including chemicals have been used to induce AD-like symptoms in rodent in order to screen many therapeutic drugs for a variety of cognitive dysfunctions. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent and multifactorial form of dementia, characterised by multiple cognitive impairments and personality changes.
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